I n a market-driven economy, demand expansion for new electronics products, such as smartphones, electric vehicles (EVs), and industrial equipment has prompted innovations in manufacturing technologies. Accordingly, adhesive and joining technologies that are used in the manufacturing process of electronics products have also advanced, for example, smartphones and tablet computers are assembled using a joining process that does not use a single screw.

There are four typical joining technologies used in the manufacture of electronics products. They are resistance (welding of metals using resistance heating); pulse heat (thermocompression using resistance heating element, soldering); laser (welding using laser beam, soldering, welding); and ultrasonic wave welding (resin welding using friction heat generation, metal joint welding using oxide film breakdown).